Which of the following are recognized as the four management functions?

The identification of the four management functions as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling is a foundational concept in management theory. Planning involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. Organizing entails arranging resources and tasks to implement the plan effectively. Leading focuses on motivating and directing team members to work towards the organization’s goals. Controlling involves measuring performance, comparing it with established standards, and taking corrective action as needed to ensure that organizational objectives are met.

This framework, often attributed to Henri Fayol, provides a structured approach to understanding the various roles and responsibilities of managers in an organization. By recognizing these four functions, managers can better navigate the complexities of managing teams and resources effectively, ensuring that organizations operate efficiently and adapt to changes in the environment.

The other options, while related to management activities, do not encompass all four of the primary functions as widely accepted in management studies. For example, staffing, while critical, is typically considered part of organizing rather than a distinct management function. Similarly, terms like executing, monitoring, and evaluating may refer to aspects of the overall management process but do not represent the established framework of management functions.